Category: Journal

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ssnimcj2025v10i2s8

Information to Authors
Uniform Criteria for Submission of Manuscript to the Editorial Board

[According to Guideline of BMDC]

  1. Manuscript written in English on bio medical topics will be considered for publication provided these have not been published previously and are not under consideration for publication elsewhere.
  2. The author should obtain written permission from appropriate authority if the manuscript contains any table, data or illustration from previously published in other Journal. The letter of permission should be submitted with manuscript to the editorial board.
  3. Authors should keep one copy of their manuscript for reference & three hard copies along with softcopy should be sent to the managing editor.
  4. The authors should sign a covering letter mentioning that final manuscript has been seen and approved by all authors. Relevancy and contribution of coauthors should clearly mentioned by first author. Irrelevant person or without any contribution should not be entitled as coauthors.
  5. The materials submitted for publication may be in the form of an original research, review article, special article, a case report, recent advances, new techniques, books review on clinical / medical education, adverse drug reaction or a letter to the editor.
  6. An author can write review article only if he / she has written a minimum of two (2) original research articles and four (4) case reports on the same topic.
  7. The manuscript may be submitted by the author online following appropriate criteria as mentioned.
  8. Each component of the manuscript should begin on a new page in the sequence of-
    1. Title page
    2. Abstract
    3. Text- Introduction, Material & Methods, Result and Discussion.
    4. References
    5. Acknowledgement
  9. The title page should include the title of the paper, name of the authors, name of the departments in which they worked, email address & phone number.
  10. The title should be concise, informative & self explanatory.
  11. The Abstract should be structured as-introduction with objectives, materials & methods, result, discussion with conclusion including key words number of figures, tables, reference & correspondence
  12. The text should be presented in the form of-
    1. Introduction: This should include the purpose of the article. The rational for the study or observation should be summaries. Only strictly pertinent reference should be cited. The subject should not be extensively reviewed. Data or conclusion from the work being reported should not be presented in introduction.
    2. Materials & methods: study design & sampling method should be mentioned. Consent from respondents / patients should be taken in the form before interview / study. All drugs & chemicals used should be identified precisely, including generic name, dose route of administration. For all quantitative measurement SI unit should be used.
    3. Results: This should be presented in a logical sequence in the text, tables & illustration. For Statistical Analysis standard procedure to be maintained. It should be done by a recognized statistician or subject expert related to statistics.
    4. Discussion: Authors comment on the result supported with contemporary references including arguments and analysis of identical work done by other workers may be elaborately discussed. A summary is not required. Brief acknowledgement may be made at the end.
    5. Tables: Number and titles of tables to be clearly written.
    6. Source of Illustrations & Figures should be mentioned.
    7. Abbreviations and Symbols: Use only standard abbreviations; avoid abbreviations in the title of the article.
  13. References-
    1. Reference should be numbered in order to which they appear in the text as superscript.
    2. Reference should be in Vancouver style

*Authors are requested to send manuscript of article via email attached MS Word file.

Email: sadequel@yahoo.com

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ssnimcj2025v10i2s7

Original Contribution

Comparative Study between Propofol or Ketafol Combination in Spinal Anesthesia for Umbilical Hernia Surgery 

*Siddiqui MA,1 Rahman MS,2 Hasan M3

  1. *Dr. Muhammad Ali Siddiqui, Associate Professor (CC), Department of Anaesthesia & ICU, Community Based Medical College, Mymensingh. mmc62@gmail.com
  2. Md Shafiqur Rahman, Associate Professor (CC). Department of Surgery, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh.
  3. Masud Hasan, Associate Professor (CC), Department of Anaesthesia & ICU, Community Based Medical College,Mymensingh.

*For correspondence

Abstract
Aim & objective: Spinal anesthesia is a preferred method in daily practice as it provides muscle relaxation and maintains spontaneous respiration during surgical procedures. Ketofol, a mixture of ketamine and propofol, is a good analgesic and also provides sedation even at low doses.Adequate sedation with spinal anesthesia  reduces the stress and anxiety of patients and increases their postoperative satisfaction.
Methods: 30 umbilical hernia surgery patients were included and divided into two groups: propofol group (Group P, n: 15) and ketofol group (Group K, n: 15). 30 patients were randomly allocated from January 2024 to February 2025. This study was conducted in a private hospital of Mymensingh, Bangladesh. The Ketofol mixture was obtained by mixing 2 ml of ketamine (50 mg/ml) with 8 ml saline and then adding 10 ml of Propofol (%1, 10 mg/ml) to acquire a solution of 5 mg/ml ketamine and 5 mg/ml Propofol.  At postoperative 12th hour visual analog scale (VAS) was performed to measure patient satisfaction and pain.
Results: Although the duration of surgery was similar in both groups, the duration in intensive care unit was significantly longer in Group P (p:0.002, Table 1). The time taken to reach Ramsay 3 value was significantly shorter in Group K than in Group P (6.4 ± 5.1 vs 9.0 ± 7.2 minutes, p:0.042). Group K patients were also highly satisfied and experienced less pain in postoperative period according to VAS evaluation (p: 0.04).
Conclusion: Ketofol is a good alternative for Propofol in spinal anesthesia for regional surgeries with higher postoperative patient satisfaction, lower pain rates and shorter intensive care requirements.

[Shaheed Syed Nazrul Islam Med Col J 2025, Jul; 10 (2):143-147]
DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.69699/ssnimcj2025v10i2s7

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ssnimcj2025v10i2s6

Original Contribution
Outcome of Primary Cytoreductive Surgery Versus Interval Debulking Surgery following Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Advanced Epithelial Ovarian Cancer

 

Khatun MA,1 *Haque N,2 Haque N,3 Uddin MF,4 Hoque MM,5 Akter E,6 Paul M,7 Shewly NR8 

  1. Most. Asma Khatun, Medical Officer, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital.
  2. *Dr. Nadira Haque, Senior Consultant and Head, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kuwait-Bangladesh Friendship Government Hospital, Dhaka. nadira1@yahoo.com
  3. Nazma Haque, Professor and Head, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital.
  4. Md. Farid Uddin, Anesthesiologist, Department of Anesthesia, Analgesia, Palliative and Intensive Care Medicine, Dhaka Medical College Hospital.
  5. Mohammed. Moinul Hoque, Associate Professor, Department of Community Ophthalmology, Bangladesh Medical University.
  6. Easmin Akter, Medical Officer, 250 Beded General Hospital, Naogaon.
  7. Mausumi Paul, Junior Consultant (C/C), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beded General Hospital, Jashore.
  8. Naznin Rashid Shewly, Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, SSMCH & Mitford Hospital.

*For correspondence

Abstract
Background: Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy (NACT) reduces the tumor burden before interval debulking surgery, in patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer to achieve complete tumor resection during the surgical procedure.
Aim: To compare the outcome of the primary debulking surgery and interval debulking surgery following NACT in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer.
Methods: This prospective observational study was carried out in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka. The study was conducted over a period of one year. Histopathologically confirmed ovarian neoplasm patients who attended the Department of Gynae Oncology,DMCH for surgical management were included in this study. By purposive sampling method, 23 patients in each group were included maintaining the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Statistical analysis of the results was performed by using window based computer software devised with Statistical Packages for Social Science ( SPSS-23).
Results: The data consists of two groups: PDS (23 individuals) and IDS (23 individuals). The mean age was 44.48 ± 14.50 years for the PDS group and 47.17 ± 17.35 years for the IDS group. The most common presenting complaints were abdominal distension (n=21) and pain (n=21), followed by a lump in the lower abdomen (n=17), anorexia, and nausea (n=10). The PDS group exhibited a significantly higher mean CA-125 level (576.08 ± 603.82) compared to the IDS group (p<0.05). Regarding CA-19.9 levels and LDH the PDS group had a significant higher mean than IDS group. The median tumor size was 150 cm3 in the PDS group and  48 cm3 in the IDS group (p<0.05). Operation time and intraoperative blood loss were significantly higher in the PDS group (168 min, 774 ml) compared to the IDS group (148 min, 519 ml) with a p-value of <0.034. Post-operative hospital stay was relatively shorter in the IDS group. Optimal cytoreduction was achieved in 73.9% of cases in the IDS group and only 47.8% of cases in the PDS group. Regarding post-operative complications, symptoms were less prevalent in the IDS group in comparison to the PDS group. One patient in the PDS group experienced post-operative death.
Conclusion: Interval debulking surgery (IDS) approach had significant higher advantages in comparison to  PDS group.

[Shaheed Syed Nazrul Islam Med Col J 2025, Jul; 10 (2):131-142]
DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.69699/ssnimcj2025v10i2s6

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Original Contribution

Severe Acute Malnutrition of Children in Slums of Dhaka City, Bangladesh 

*Billah MM,1 Shampa NN,2 Henderson A3 

  1. *Dr. Mallick Masum Billah, Resident Advisor, Field Epidemiology Training Program, Nepal, South Asia Field Epidemiology and Technology Network Inc. (SAFETYNET). drmasumbillah@yahoo.com
  2. Nazmun Nahar Shampa, Junior Consultant (Paediatrics), Upazila Health Complex, Tala, Satkhira, Bangladesh
  3. Alden Henderson, Epidemiologist, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA 

*For correspondence

Abstracts
Introduction: The risk of malnutrition among children of urban slums is higher due to socio-economic deprivation and inadequate healthcare access. Transition from exclusive breastfeeding to weaning in the first year of life is critical, whereby caregivers’ lack of knowledge and inappropriate feeding practices can lead to severe acute malnutrition (SAM). This study aims to identify human factors associated with SAM among children aged 12-18 months living in slums of Dhaka city.
Methods: A case-control study in slums of Dhaka from January to August 2017 enrolled as cases, children aged 12-18 months with mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) <11.5 cm or bilateral pitting oedema and controls as children of same age with MUAC >12.5 cm and no oedema. Using a 1:2 ratio, we purposively selected participants and interviewed their caregivers. We calculated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). We applied multivariable logistic regression and calculated adjusted odds ratios (AOR) to adjust for confounders.
Results: We visited 56 slums in Dhaka and interviewed 193 cases and 386 controls in the study. Mean age of children was 15 months. Gender distribution was similar among cases and controls. Incomplete vaccination (AOR:2.2, 95%:1.6–3.8), absence of exclusive breastfeeding (AOR:2.2, 95%:1.4–3.4), smoking inside home (AOR:2.2, 95%: 1.3–3.3), maternal age <18 years (AOR:3.1, 95%:1.3–7.8), and recent diarrhoea history (AOR:1.9, 95%:1.7–2.9) were significantly increased risk of SAM. Although not statistically significant, other factors included poor maternal nutritional knowledge, lack of time for feeding, and unsafe water consumption.
Conclusion: This study reinforces findings from previous research, showing that severe acute malnutrition in Dhaka slums was driven by preventable factors such as young maternal age, lack of exclusive breastfeeding, incomplete vaccination, indoor smoking, and recent diarrhoea. Targeted, community-based interventions based on these findings were recommended to prevent malnutrition and improve child outcomes.

[Shaheed Syed Nazrul Islam Med Col J 2025, Jul; 10 (2):121-130]

DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.69699/ssnimcj2025v10i2s5

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Original Contribution

Referral Patterns for Psychiatric Morbidities from Non-Psychiatric Medical Departments: A Retrospective Study in Rural Bangladesh

*Bashar MK,1 Kulsum U,2 Talukder MM,3 Mitu MR,4 Hasan MK,5 Sultana N6

  1. *Dr. Md. Khairul Bashar, Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Shaheed Syed Nazrul Islam Medical College, Kishoreganj. kabashar47@gmail.com
  2. Umme Kulsum, Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Shaheed Syed Nazrul Islam Medical College, Kishoreganj.
  3. Muhammad Moinul Alam Talukder, Assistant Professor, Pharmacology, Shaheed Syed Nazrul Islam medical College, Kishoregonj.
  4. Marshia Rahman Mitu FCPS (Medicine), OSD, DGHS, Mohakhali, Dhaka.
  5. Md. Kamrul Hasan, Assistant Professor Department of Anesthesia, BSMMU, Dhaka.
  6. Nadia Sultana, MPH, National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine (NIPSOM), Mohakhali, Dhaka 

*For correspondence

Abstract
Objective: Mental disorders are a leading cause of disability globally, yet they remain underdiagnosed and undertreated, particularly in low- and middle-income countries like Bangladesh. Very often patients visit primarily to a non-psychiatric medical department for their psychiatric diseases. This study aims to explore the referral patterns, sociodemographic profiles, and diagnostic distribution of psychiatric patients in Bangladesh, with a focus on identifying systemic barriers and optimizing the role of non-psychiatric medical providers in improving access to mental health care.
Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study investigates the referral patterns for psychiatric morbidities from non-psychiatric medical departments at Shaheed Syed Nazrul Islam Medical College in Kishoreganj, Bangladesh, spanning October 2023 to November 2024. Data were extracted from 95 patient records to analyze demographics, referral sources, and diagnostic categories.
Result: The findings revealed that most patients (81.05%) were referred from the medicine department, with attending physicians accounting for 54.7% of referrals. The cohort was predominantly female (72.6%), from rural areas (72.6%), and low-income households (88.4%). Conduct disorder (16.84%), depressive disorder (13.68%), and generalized anxiety disorder (12.63%) were the most prevalent diagnoses.
Conclusion: These patterns highlight significant delays and barriers in accessing psychiatric care, underscoring the pivotal role of non-psychiatric providers in early identification and referral of mental health conditions. The study emphasizes the need for targeted training and awareness programs for non-psychiatric physicians to bridge gaps in mental health care.

[Shaheed Syed Nazrul Islam Med Col J 2025, Jul; 10 (2):111-120]

DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.69699/ssnimcj2025v10i2s4

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ssnimcj2025v10i2s3

Original Contribution

Assessment of Clinical Scoring Systems to Predict the Outcome of Patients with Acute Organophosphorus Poisoning

*Ahmed MU,1 Shima UT2

 

  1. *Dr. Minhaj Uddin Ahmed, Assisstant Professor, Department of Medicine, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka,  dr.minhaj55@gmail.com  ORCID ID: 0009-0009-4034-1751
  2. Umme Tahmina Shima, Junior Consultant, Department of Gynaecology and Obstretics, Mugda Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

*For correspondence

Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to determine the relationship between individual scores and mortality rate which will be helpful to provide early interventions in selective cases of acute organophosphate (OP) poisoning.
Methods: This is a hospital-based observational study of 63 adult patients of OP poisoning who presented with acute cholinergic crisis. The performance of International Program on Chemical Safety Poison Severity Score (IPCS PSS), Peradeniya Organophosphorus Poisoning (POP) Scale and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) were evaluated. Clinical history, socio-demographic and relevant data, risk factors and outcomes were recorded. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve was generated and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated for short-term outcome. Logistic regression model was fitted for each of the clinical scoring systems.
Results: The mean age of the patients was 28.4±10.23 years. The most common OP ingested was chlorpyriphos 30.2%. Gastric lavage was given to 77.8% of the admitted patients. 81% of patients remained in hospital for 1-3 days and the majority (87.3%) of patients were cured and discharged. Overall mortality rate was 7.9%. The AUC for mortality was significantly higher for POP (0.840) than IPCS PSS (0.741). On logistic regression analysis, POP can identify 92.1% cases correctly. The performance of POP scale is considered satisfactory (p=0.005). IPCS PSS and GCS appear to be less effective at predicting an individual’s poor outcome.
Conclusion: In acute OP poisoning, POP scale outperforms IPCS PSS and GCS. Thus POP scale can be reliably used to assess the outcome and mortality of patients with acute OP poisoning.

[Shaheed Syed Nazrul Islam Med Col J 2025, Jul; 10 (2):96-110]

DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.69699/ssnimcj2025v10i2s3

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Original

Drug Prescribing Patterns for Chronic Kidney Disease in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Bangladesh

*Dema TS,1 Ahmed AU,2 Roy AS,3 Begum SA,4 Sattar S,5 Afrose R,6 Ferdous J,7 Razia S,8 Hussain MA,9 Banu TA10

 

  1. *Dr. Taslima Sultana Dema, Lecturer, Department of Community Based Medical College Bangladesh, Mymensingh. taslimadema@gmail.com
  2. Aftab Udding Ahmed, Professor and Head (rtd), Department of Pharmacology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh
  3. Ashutosh Shaha Roy, Professor, Department of Nephrology, Principal of Shahid Syed Nazrul Islam Medical College, Kishoregonj
  4. Shamin Ara Begum, Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Community Based Medical College Bangladesh, Mymensingh
  5. Shamima Sattar, Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Community Based Medical College Bangladesh, Mymensingh.
  6. Rfika Afrose, Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Community Based Medical College Bangladesh, Mymensingh.
  7. Jannatul Ferdous, Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Community Based Medical College Bangladesh Mymensingh.
  8. Sultana Razia, Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Community Based Medical College Bangladesh, Mymensingh,
  9. Mahbuba Azmary Hussain, Lecturer, Department of Anatomy, Jamalpur Medical College, Jamalpur
  10. Tahmina Akhter Banu, Lecturer, Department of Anatomy, Rangpur Medical College, Rangpur

*For correspondence

Abstract

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a prevalent non-communicable disease that requires sophisticated medication and polypharmacy. CKD patients need continual medicine, therefore prescribing patterns must be monitored. Managing drugs for CKD patients poses unique challenges, but it also allows healthcare practitioners to improve treatment for this high-risk population.
Objective: To find out the drug prescribing pattern of CKD patients in Nephrology Department of Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Pharmacology in collaboration with Department of Nephrology, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital from July 2022 to June 2023. Participants were randomly selected based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were gathered through direct observation of prescriptions and face-to-face interviews with CKD patients attending the Nephrology Outpatient Department.
Results: Most of the patients were above 40 years old and mean age was 54.8 ± 17.8 years of the study subject. Males (55.2%) were predominant than females (44.8%). Maximum patients were CKD stage 4 and 5 (71.6%). Most common antihypertensive was calcium channel blocker (18.8%) followed by beta blocker (15.1%), Diuretics (14.3%) and alpha receptor blocker. Most common antidiabetic drugs were insulin (16.1%), Tab Linagliptin (7.2%) and Tab Gliclazide (6.0%). Statin was prescribed to 18.8% patients as hypolipidemic drug. Most common prescribed vitamin was vitamin D (76.0%). Most common phosphate binders were calcium carbonate (32.6%), calcium acetate (25.5%), calcium acetate along with magnesium carbonate (9.1%). Most common antimicrobials were ceftriaxone (4.7%), followed by cefuroxime (3.9%), nitrofurantoin (3.6%) and azithromycin (2.1%). Most common antiulcerant was esomeprazole (28.1%), followed by pantoprazole (13.3%), rabeprazole (12.5%), omeprazole (5.5%) and dexlansoprazole. Most common hematinic drugs were iron (oral) (16.9%), iron (inj) (10.7%) and folic acid (10.4%). Common erythropoiesis stimulating agents was Erythropoietin alfa (11.5%). Only 0.8% drug was prescribed by generic name, antibiotics were prescribed in 23.2% cases and injection was prescribed in 50.5% cases. From essential drug list 32.5% drugs were prescribed.
Conclusions: Study revealed, most commonly prescribed antidiabetic drugs were insulin (16.1%), Tab Linagliptin (7.2%) and Tab Gliclazide (6.0%). Metformin (1.6%), Empagliflozin (1.0%) and Glimepiride (0.8%) were also prescribed in Nephrology Depertment, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital.

[Shaheed Syed Nazrul Islam Med Col J 2025, Jul; 10 (2):85-95]

DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.69699/ssnimcj2025v10i2s2

 

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Editorial
The Importance of Accreditation in Medical Education in Bangladesh

*Dr. Safia Sultana, MBBS, Mphil (Microbiology), Head & Associate professor, Department of Microbiology, Shaheed Syed Nazrul Islam Medical College, Kishoreganj.
Email: drsafia79@yahoo.com

[Shaheed Syed Nazrul Islam Med Col J 2025, Jul; 10 (2):83-84]

DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.69699/ssnimcj2025v10i2s1
Abstract: Not available
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Editorial

Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Clinical Medicine: Potential and Progress

*Das DC

Artificial intelligence (A.I.) is intelligence demonstrated by machines mimicing cognitive functions, such as learning and problem solving.1 It significantly influences the practice of medicine and the delivery of healthcare in the near future. It has shown remarkable improvement in tasks such as diagnostics, data analysis and is already being applied in areas ranging from patient triage to cancer detection.2 A.I. is an interdisciplinary field spanning computer science, psychology, linguistics, and philosophy, among others.

The recent availability of AI to the public, including language models like ChatGPT, DeepSeek etc.has increased awareness and its potential capabilities in medicine. The continued growth of AI has inspired interest and debate concerning its use in patient care.ChatGPT successfully passed the USMLE and can solve internal medicine case files, indicating its versatility and potential for future clinical applications. In fact, Google and DeepMind developed the Med-PaLM language model trained on several existing medical Q&A datasets to offer “safe and helpful answers” to questions posed by health care professionals and patients.3

Medical-grade AI language models for consultations, receiving valuable insights and assistance in various aspects of patient care are as follows –

  • Provide advice on the diagnosis and treatment for symptoms.
  • Create a personalized treatment plan based on the patient’s age and lifestyle.
  • Analyze X-ray to detect abnormalities.
  • Identify risk factors from patient’s electronic health record.
  • Write a letter explaining the medical necessity of treatment.

Physicians can improve the quality of care by leveraging these powerful tools, while saving time on tasks that can be automated with AI. With further development and refinement, AI technology could play an important role in enhancing the standard of healthcare.4,5

 Physician-Machine Collaboration in Medicine

There is utterance about AI eventually replacing physicians, particularly in fields like radiology, pathology, and dermatology, where AI’s diagnostic ability can match or even exceed that of clinicians. However, research suggests that physician-machine collaborations will outperform either one alone.It’s unlikely that AI will completely replace physicians anytime soon. The human aspects of care, including empathy, compassion, critical thinking, and complex decision-making, are invaluable in providing holistic patient care beyond diagnosis and treatment decisions.So, rather than fully replacing physicians, AI will likely empower the practice of medicine, with physicians exploiting the technology to enhance clinical care. To this point, the American Medical Association recommends that technology be used to augment, rather than replace, human intelligence.1

AI also has the potential to address physician burnout by automating repetitive and monotonous administrative tasks, allowing physicians to focus on patient care. Moreover, AI could play a valuable role in improving access to care and addressing clinician workforce shortages.As AI advances, physicians may be relied upon for higher-level decision-making, patient interaction, and interdisciplinary collaboration while working alongside AI systems.1,4

Consideration of AI in Health Care

Despite the potential advantages of AI in health care, there are significant safety, privacy, reliability, and ethical considerations. Furthermore, without appropriate precautions, AI may perpetuate instinctive biases in diagnosis and treatment. Doctors will likely continue to play a critical role in ensuring that the ethical and moral implications of medical decisions are carefully considered and that patients receive the highest quality of care.To achieve this, physicians must be prepared to take on new roles and responsibilities in the era of AI, including expanded opportunities in medical informatics. Physicians can also guide patients on how to use AI to obtain reliable health information and receive appropriate care.5

 Enhancing Medicine with AI

AI has the potential to transform health care for the better. When complemented with physician’s expertise, its will be a powerful tool that can lead to better patient outcomes. AI can also facilitate scientific discovery and breakthroughs in disease prevention and treatment through vast data analytics. Integrating AI into routine clinical practice will require careful validation, training, and ongoing monitoring to ensure its accuracy, safety, and effectiveness in supporting physicians to deliver care for patients.

While AI can be an important and valuableasset in the medical field, it cannot replace the human element. However, AI can and should be used to enhance the practice of medicine, empowering doctors with the latest technological tools to serve our patients better.AI and machine learning will not put health professionals out of business; rather, they will help health professionals to do their jobs better as well as leave time for the human–human interactions that make medicine the rewarding profession we all value.

 References

  1. Ted A James. How Artificial Intelligence is Disrupting Medicine and What it Means forPhysicians. Trends in Medicine. Harvard Medical School.April 13, 2023. Available at <https://postgraduateeducation.hms.harvard.edu/trends-medicine/how-artificial-intelligence-disrupting-medicine-what-means-physicians> [Accessed 15 Nov 2024].
  2. Meskó B, Görög M. A short guide for medical professionals in the era of artificial intelligence.NPJ Digit Med. 2020 Sep 24;3:126. doi: 10.1038/s41746-020-00333-z. PMID: 33043150;PMCID: PMC7518439.
  3. Kung TH, Cheatham M, Medenilla A, Sillos C, De Leon L, Elepaño C, Madriaga M, AggabaoR, Diaz-Candido G, Maningo J, Tseng V. Performance of ChatGPT on USMLE: Potential forAI-assisted medical education using large language models. PLOS Digit Health. 2023 Feb9;2(2):e0000198. doi: 10.1371/journal.pdig.0000198. PMID: 36812645; PMCID:PMC9931230.
  4. Lee P, Bubeck S, Petro J. Benefits, Limits, and Risks of GPT-4 as an AI Chatbot for Medicine. N Engl J Med. 2023 Mar 30;388(13):1233-1239. doi: 10.1056/NEJMsr2214184. PMID: 36988602.
  5. Haug CJ, Drazen JM. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Clinical Medicine, 2023. N Engl J Med. 2023 Mar 30;388(13):1201-1208. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra2302038. PMID: 36988595.

*Dr. Dulal Chandra Das, MBBS, FCPS (Medicine), Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, Shaheed Syed Nazrul Islam Medical College, Kishoreganj. Email: dr.dulaldas@yahoo.com.

[Shaheed Syed Nazrul Islam Med Col J 2025, Jan; 10 (1):1-2]

DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.69699/ssnimcj2025v10i1s1

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Original Article

Clinical and Socio Demographic Aspects of Congestive Heart Failure Patients

 *Mia MR,1 Rahman M,2 Rahman MM,3 Uddin MJ,4 Azad MS,5 Ahmed N6 

  1. *Dr. Mohammed Razzak Mia, Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka. mrazzakmia1974@gmail.com
  2. Dr. Mojibur Rahman, Associate Professor (CC), Department of Cardiology, Shaheed Syed Nazrul Islam Medical  College, Kishoreganj.
  3. Dr. ANM Mizanur Rahman, Superintendent & Senior Consultant Cardiology, 100 Bedded District Hospital, Narsingdi.
  4. Dr. Md. Jashim Uddin, Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Sheikh Hasina Medical College, Habiganj
  5. Dr. Mohammad Bhuiyan Abdus Samad Azad, Senior Consultant Cardiology Madaripur 250 Bed General Hospital
  6. Dr. Nadim Ahmed, Junior Consultant (CC) Medicine, Upazila Health Complex, Monohardi, Narsingdi

 *For Correspondence

Abstract

Background: Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a growing issue for healthcare systems throughout the developing world. Many factors have been linked to an increase in mortality in CHF patients. Despite heterogeneity in the research groups, several demographic and clinical variables appear to be consistently associated with a poor prognosis in congestive heart failure patients.

Objective: To investigate the clinical and sociodemographic aspects of congestive heart failure patients.

Methods:  This descriptive observational study was conducted by the Department of Medicine at 100- bed district hospital, Narsingdi from July 2021 to June 2022. Purposive sampling was used to select 120 women and men with congestive heart failure from the cardiac center of 100-bed district hospital, Narsingdi, Bangladesh. Daily consecutive admissions were screened to identify eligible patients who arrived in the cardiac emergency room, Department of Cardiology. Patients with an  admission diagnosis of congestive heart failure  were enrolled in this study on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria with a history of at least one well documented hospitalization for congestive heart failure.

Results: Rheumatic heart disease was identified in 38(31.7%), cardiomyopathy was found in 30(25.0%), hypertension was found in 21(17.5%) cases, pericardial disease was found in 16(13.3%), and ischaemic heart disease was found in 3(2.5%). Factors related with congestive heart failure were 25 (20.8%) inadequate therapy, 25 (20.8%) arrhythmia, 23 (19.2%) respiratory diseases, 17 (14.2%) anaemia, and 23 (19.2%) infective endocarditis. The majority of patients (75.5%) had NYHA class II, 38.7% had class III, and 5.8% had class IV. In conjunction with medical and demographic characteristics, major socio-environmental factors increased the likelihood of readmission due to congestive heart failure.

Conclusion: Socio-environmental factors may increase risk of hospital admission in heart failure patients.

[Shaheed Syed Nazrul Islam Med Col J 2025, Jan; 10 (1):3-10]

DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.69699/ssnimcj2025v10i1s2

Keywords: Congestive Heart Failure, Socio-demographi, Profile; Co-morbidity,  NYHA functional classification

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